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of 1867.
Habsburg (commonly anglicised to "
Hapsburg") and the successor family,
Habsburg-Lorraine, were important
Royal House of Europe and are best known as the ruling Houses of Austria (and the Austrian Empire) for over six centuries.
Their principal roles were as:
- German Kings (several centuries to 1806), mostly also as
- Holy Roman Empire, and
- Rulers of Austria (as Dukes 1282–1453, Archdukes 1453–1804, and Emperors 1804–1918),
- Kings of Bohemia (1306, 1437–1457 1526–1918),
- Kings of Hungary (1437–1439, 1445–1457, 1526–1918),
- Kings of Croatia (1437–1439, 1445–1457, 1527–1918),
- Kings of Habsburg Spain (1516–1700),
- Kings of Portugal (1580–1640),
- Kings of Galicia (Central Europe) and Lodomeria (1772–1918), and
- Grand Princes of Transylvania (1690–1918).
- Grand Dukes of Tuscany (1737–1801; 1814–1860).
- Archdukes of Austria-Este {1771}.
Other crowns held briefly by the House included:
- Monarch-consort of England (1554–1558)
- Dukes of Parma (1814–1847)
- Dukes of Modena (1814–1859)
- Emperor of Mexico (1864–1867)
Numerous other titles were attached to the crowns listed above.
A brief history of the House of Habsburg
From Counts of Habsburg to Roman Emperors
The name is derived from the
Swiss German Habichtsburg (Hawk Castle), the family seat in the 11th century,
12th century and 13th century at Habsburg in the former duchy of Swabia in present-day
Switzerland (Switzerland did not exist then in its present form, and the Swiss lands were part of the mainly Germanic Holy Roman Empire). From southwestern Germany (mainly
Alsace,
Breisgau,
Aargau and
Thurgau) the family extended its influence and holdings to the southeastern reaches of the
Holy Roman Empire, roughly today's
Austria (1278–1382). Within only two or three generations, the Habsburgs had managed to secure an initially intermittent grasp on the imperial throne that would last for centuries (1273–
1291,
1298–
1308,
1438–
1740, and 1745–1806).
By marrying
Mary of Burgundy, heiress of
Burgundy, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor acquired control of the low countries. His son Philip I of Castile married
Joanna of Castile, heiress of
Spain, so that Philip's son
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor inherited Spain, Southern
Italy, Austria and the
Low Countries. In 1580 Charles' son
Philip II of Spain inherited Portugal and its colonies.
Under Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, the Habsburgs first acquired the land upon which would later be erected the
Schönbrunn Palace, the Habsburgs' summer palace in
Vienna and one of the most enduring symbols of the dynasty.
Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
(1547) as depicted in
The Cambridge Modern History Atlas (1912); Habsburg lands are shaded green. Not shaded are the lands of the
Holy Roman Empire over which the Habsburgs presided, nor are the vast Castilian holdings outside of Europe, and particularly in the
New World, shown.
After the
April 21,
1521 assignment of the Austrian lands to
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor from his brother Emperor
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (also King Charles I of Spain) (
1516–
1556), the dynasty split into one Habsburg Monarchy and one
Habsburg Spain. The Austrian Habsburgs held (after 1556) the title of Holy Roman Emperor, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, while the Spanish Habsburgs ruled over the Spanish kingdoms, the Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian possessions, and, for a time, Portugal. Kingdom of Hungary, nominally under Habsburg kingship from 1526 but mostly under
Ottoman Empire Turkish occupation for 150 years, was reconquered in 1683–1699.
The Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700 (prompting the
War of the Spanish Succession), as did the Austrian Habsburgs in 1740 (prompting the War of the Austrian Succession). However, the heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg (Maria Theresa of Austria) had married Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor,
Duke of Lorraine, (both of them were great-grandchildren of Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, but from different empresses) and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine. (It is often speculated that extensive intra-family marriages within both lines contributed to their extinctions, but there were few such marriages in the Austrian line. Smallpox killing young heirs was a greater cause.)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: the Austrian Empire
On August 6
1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved under the French Emperor Napoleon I's reorganisation of Germany. However, in anticipation of the loss of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II declared himself hereditary
Emperor of Austria (as Francis I, thereof) on
August 11, 1804, three months after Napoleon had declared himself Emperor of the French on
May 18,
1804.
Emperor
Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire of Austria used the official great title: "We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria; Kings of Jerusalem, Hungary,
Bohemia,
Dalmatia,
Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia (Central Europe), and
Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of
Lorraine (province), Salzburg,
Würzburg, Franconia,
Styria (duchy), Carinthia (duchy), and
Carniola; Grand Duke of
Grand Duchy of Cracow; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of
Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia,
Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Oswiecim and Zator,
Cieszyn, and Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Prince of Berchtesgaden and
Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg,
Gorizia, and Gradisca d'Isonzo and of the
Tyrol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and
Istria".
In
1867 effective autonomy was given to Hungary under the terms of the
Ausgleich or "compromise" (
see Austria-Hungary). Under this arrangement, the Hungarians referred to their ruler as king and never emperor. This prevailed until the Habsburgs' deposition from both Austria and Hungary in
1918 following defeat in World War I.
On
November 11 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habsburg ruler, Charles I of Austria (who also reigned as Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role in state affairs. Two days later, he issued a separate proclamation for Hungary. Even though he did not officially abdication, this is considered the end of the Habsburg dynasty. In 1919, the new republican Austrian government subsequently passed a law banishing the Habsburgs from Austrian territory until they renounced all intentions of regaining the throne and accepted the status of private citizens. Charles made several attempts to regain the throne of Hungary, and in
1921 the Hungarian government passed a law which revoked Charles' rights and dethroned the Habsburgs.
The Habsburgs did not formally abandon any hope of returning power until Otto von Habsburg, Emperor Charles' eldest son, renounced all claims to the throne. He is still the head of the house of Habsburg today.
The dynasty's motto is "Let others wage wars, but you, happy Austria, shall marry", which indicates the talent of the Habsburgs to have their progeny intermarry into other royal houses, as to make alliances. Empress Maria Theresa is recognised quite notably for it and is sometimes referred as the 'Great-Grandmother of Europe'.
Main line
Before
Rudolph I of Germany rose to
Holy Roman Emperor, the Habsburgs were Counts in what is today southwestern
Germany and
Switzerland.
Ancestors
Counts of Habsburg
- Radbot, Count of Habsburg of Klettgau, built the Habsburg castle (ca. 985–1035). Besides Werner I, he had two other sons: Otto I, Count of Habsburg, who would become Count of Sundgau in the Alsace, and Albert I, Count of Habsburg.
- Werner I, Count of Habsburg, Count of Habsburg (1025 / 1030–1096). Besides Otto II, there was another son, Albert II, Count of Habsburg, who was reeve of Muri from 1111–1141 after the death of Otto II.
- Otto II, Count of Habsburg of Habsburg; first to name himself as "of Habsburg" (d. 1111) Father of:
- Werner II, Count of Habsburg of Habsburg (around 1135; d. 1167) Father of:
- Albert III, Count of Habsburg of Habsburg (the Rich), d. 1199. Under him, the Habsburg territories expanded to cover most of what is today the German language part of Switzerland. Father of:
- Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg of Habsburg (d. 1232) Father of:
- Albert IV, Count of Habsburg of Habsburg, (d. 1239 / 1240); father of Rudolph IV of Habsburg, who would later become king Rudolph I of Germany. Between Albrecht IV and his brother Rudolph III, Count of Habsburg, the Habsburg properties were split, with Albrecht keeping the Aargau and the western parts, the eastern parts going to Rudolph III.
German kings
Dukes of Austria
In the late
Middle Ages, when the Habsburgs expanded their territories in the east, they often ruled as dukes of the
Duchy of Austria which covered only what is today Lower Austria and the eastern part of Upper Austria. The Habsburg possessions also included
Duchy of Styria, and then expanded west to include Duchy of Carinthia and
Carniola in 1335 and Tyrol in 1363. Their original scattered possessions in the southern
Alsace, south-western Germany and Vorarlberg were collectively known as Further Austria. The Habsburg dukes gradually lost their homelands south of the Rhine and
Lake Constance to the expanding
Old Swiss Confederacy. Unless mentioned explicitly, the dukes of Austria also ruled over Further Austria until
1379, after that year, Further Austria was ruled by the Princely Count of Tyrol. Names in
italics designate dukes who never actually ruled.
- Rudolph II of Austria, son of Rudolph I of Germany, duke of Austria and Styria together with his brother 1282–1283, was dispossessed by his brother, who eventually would be murdered by one of Rudolph's sons.
- Albert I of Austria (Albrecht I), son of Rudolph I of Germany and brother of the above, duke from 1282–1308; was Holy Roman Emperor from 1298–1308. See also #House of Habsburg.
- Rudolph III of Austria, oldest son of Lenihan I, designated duke of Austria and Styria 1298–1307
- Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg) (Friedrich der Schöne), brother of Rudolph III. Duke of Austria and Styria (with his brother Leopold I) from 1308–1330; officially co-regent of emperor Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor since 1325, but never ruled.
- Leopold I of Austria (Habsburg), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria from 1308–1326.
- Albert II of Austria (Albrecht II), brother of the above, duke of Vorderösterreich from 1326–1358, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1358, duke of Carinthia after 1335.
- Otto of Austria (der Fröhliche), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1339 (together with his brother), duke of Carinthia after 1335.
- Rudolph IV of Austria (der Stifter), oldest son of Albert II. Duke of Austria and Styria 1358–1365, Duke of Tyrol after 1363.
After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers Albert III of Austria and
Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg) ruled the Habsburg possessions together from 1365 until
1379, when they split the territories in the Treaty of Neuberg, Albert keeping the Duchy of Austria and Leopold ruling over
Duchy of Styria,
Duchy of Carinthia,
Carniola, the Windish March, Tyrol, and
Further Austria.
Albertine line: Dukes of Austria
Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol
- Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg), duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Further Austria until 1386, when he was killed in the Battle of Sempach.
- William of Austria (Wilhelm), son of the above, 1386–1406 duke in Inner Austria (Carinthia, Styria)
- Leopold IV of Austria (Habsburg), son of Leopold III, 1391 regent of Further Austria, 1395–1402 duke of Tyrol, after 1404 also duke of Austria, 1406–1411 duke of Inner Austria
Leopoldine-Inner Austrian sub-line
*
Ernest of Austria (Habsburg) (
der Eiserne),
1406–1424 duke of Inner Austria, until
1411 together and competing with his brother Leopold IV.
*
Frederick V of Austria (
Friedrich), son of Ernst, became
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor in
1440. He was duke of Inner Austria from
1424 on. Guardian of
Sigismund of Austria 1439–1446 and of
Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary 1440–
1452. See also
#House of Habsburg.
* Albert VI of Austria (
Albrecht VI), brother of the above, 1446–
1463 regent of Further Austria, duke of Austria
1458–
1463
*
Ernestine line of Rulers of Saxonys, ancestor of
George I of Great Britain-descended from sister of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Leopoldine-Tyrol sub-line
* Frederick IV of Austria (
Friedrich), brother of Ernst,
1402–1439 duke of Tyrol and Further Austria
*
Sigismund of Austria, also spelled
Siegmund or
Sigmund,
1439–
1446 under the tutelage of the Frederick V above, then duke of Tyrol, and after the death of Albrecht VI in 1463 also duke of Further Austria.
Reuniting of Habsburg possessions
Sigismund had no children and adopted Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, son of duke Frederick V (emperor Frederick III). Under Maximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered the
Duchy of Austria after the death of
Matthias Corvinus, who resided in
Vienna and styled himself duke of Austria from
1485–1490.
German Kings and Holy Roman Emperors previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
Kings of Hungary previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
Main Line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
Habsburg Spain: Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (1580–
1640)
See also: Portuguese House of Habsburg
- Philip I of Castile, second son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, founded the Spanish Habsburgs in 1496 by marrying Joanna of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Philip died in 1506, leaving the thrones of Castile and Aragon to be inherited and united into the nation of Spain by his son:
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1516–1556, aka Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; converdivided the House into Austrian and Spanish lines
- Philip II of Spain 1556–1598, also Philip II of Spain of Portugal 1580–1598 and Philip I of England and his wife Mary I of England 1554–1558
- Philip III of Spain, also Philip III of Spain of Portugal 1598–1621
- Philip IV of Spain 1621–1665, also Philip IV of Spain of Portugal 1621–1640
- Charles II of Spain 1665–1700
The War of the Spanish Succession took place after the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line, to determine the inheritance of Charles II.
Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
- Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1556–1564 (Imperial Crypt#The Founders.27 Family)
- Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1564–1576
- Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1576–1612
- Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1612–1619
- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1619–1637
- Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1637–1657 (Imperial Crypt#Emperor Ferdinand III.27s Family)
- Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1658–1705
- Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1705–1711
- Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1711–1740
Maria Theresa of Austria, Habsburg heiress and wife of emperor Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Kingdom of Hungary and Bohemia 1740–
1780.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
Queen Maria Christina of Austria of Spain, great-granddaughter of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor above. Wife of
Alfonso XII of Spain and mother of
Alfonso XIII.
The House of Habsburg-Lorraine retained Austria and attached possessions after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; see below.
A son of Leopold II was Archduke Rainer of Austria whose wife was from the House of Savoy; a daughter Maria Adelaide of Austria was the wife of King
Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont, Savoy, and
Sardinia and King of Italy. Their Children married into the Royal Houses of Bonaparte; House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha {Braganza {Portugal};
House of Savoy {Spain}; and the Dukedoms of
Montferrat and Chablis.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Grand dukes of Tuscany
Francis Stephen assigned the grand duchy of Tuscany to his second son Peter Leopold, who in turn assigned it to his second son upon his accession as Holy Roman Emperor. Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until
Italian unification.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Tuscany line, post monarchy
see Line of succession to the Tuscan Throne
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Dukes of Modena
The duchy of
Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna. It was lost to Italian unification.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Modena line, post monarchy
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Duchess of Parma
The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to
Italian unification. It was granted to the second wife of
Napoleon I of France, Maria Luisa Duchess of Parma, a daughter of the Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was the mother of Napoleon II of France. Napoleon had divorced his wife Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie (better known to history as
Josephine de Beauharnais) in her favour.
- Marie Louise of Austria 1814-1847 (→Imperial Crypt#ZegelChartFranz57)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Emperor of Mexico
Maximilian, an adventurous younger son, was invited as part of Napoleon III's manipulations to take the throne of Mexico. The conservative Mexicans, as well as the clergy, supported this
Second Mexican Empire. His consort
Charlotte of Belgium, born a Belgian princess of the
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, encouraged her husbands acceptance of the Mexican crown and accompanied him to
Mexico. The adventure did not end well. Maximilian was shot in "Cerro de las Campanas" in
1867 by the democratic forces of Benito Juarez
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Emperors of Austria
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg (post-monarchy)
Charles I was expelled from his domains after World War I and the empire was abolished.
see
Line of succession to the Austria-Hungary Throne
Burials
See Imperial Crypt in Vienna.
Habsburgs as Kings of Hungary
The kingship of Kingdom of Hungary remained in the Habsburg family for centuries; but as the kingship was not strictly inherited (Hungary was an elective monarchy till
1687) and was sometimes used as a training ground for young Habsburgs, the dates of rule do not always match those of the primary Habsburg possessions. Therefore, the kings of Hungary are listed separately.
Albertine line: Kings of Hungary
- Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1437–1439
- Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary, King of Hungary 1444–1457
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary
- Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1526–1564
- Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1563–1576
- Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1572–1608
- Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1608–1619
- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1618–1637
- Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1625–1657
- Ferdinand IV of Germany, king of Hungary 1647–1654
- Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1655–1705
- Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1687–1711
- Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1711–1740
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Hungary
- Maria Theresa of Austria, queen of Hungary 1741–1780
- Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1780–1790
- Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1790–1792
- Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1792–1835
- Ferdinand I of Austria, king of Hungary 1835–1848
- Francis Joseph of Austria, king of Hungary 1867–1916
- Karl of Austria, king of Hungary 1916–1918
Habsburgs as Kings of Bohemia
The kingship of
Bohemia was for centuries a position elected by its nobles. As a result, it was not an automatically inherited position. The king of Bohemia tended to be a Habsburg, but was not always. Hence, the kings of Bohemia and their ruling dates are listed separately.
Main line: Kings of Bohemia
- Rudolph I of Bohemia, king of Bohemia 1306-1307
Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia
- Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1526–1564
- Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1563–1576
- Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1572–1611
- Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1611–1618
- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1621–1637
- Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1625–1657
- Ferdinand IV of Germany, king of Bohemia 1647–1654
- Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1655–1705
- Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1687–1711
- Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1711–1740
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Bohemia
From the accession of Maria Theresa, the kingship of Bohemia became united with the Austrian possessions.
- Maria Theresa of Austria, queen of Bohemia 1743–1780
- Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1780–1790
- Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1790–1792
- Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1792–1835
- Ferdinand I of Austria, king of Bohemia 1835–1848
- Francis Joseph of Austria, king of Bohemia 1848–1916
- Karl of Austria, king of Bohemia 1916–1918
Habsburgs as Queens Consort of France
From the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, the greatest non-Habsburg power in Europe was usually
France. As a result, in usually futile attempts to either unite Europe under the Habsburg family or to prevent French enmity, Habsburg daughters were wed to successive kings of France.
Pre-division Habsburgs
Austrian Habsburgs
Spanish Habsburgs
Habsburg-Lorraine
See also
Further reading
- Brewer-Ward, Daniel A. The House of Habsburg: A Genealogy of the Descendants of Empress Maria Theresia. Clearfield, 1996.
- Evans, Robert J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550-1700: An Interpretation. Clarendon Press, 1979.
- McGuigan, Dorothy Gies. The Habsburgs. Doubleday, 1966.
- Wandruszka, Adam. The House of Habsburg: Six Hundred Years of a European Dynasty. Doubleday, 1964 (Greenwood Press, 1975).
- Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. Sphere Books Limited, London, 1970. (first published by Longmans in 1963)
External links
- "Erzherzog Dr. Otto von Habsburg" (Autorisierte Ehrenseite) in German
- Habsburg Biographies
- Habsburg Resource Centre on SurnameWeb
- http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/Rulers/hapsburg3.html
- Genealogical tree of the house of Habsburg (up until Maria Theresia)
- An Online Gotha - House of Habsburg-Lothringen (Maria Theresia's decendants}
- The Hapsburg Monarchy (Wickham Steed, 1913)) eLibrary Austria Project full text (ebook)
- Genealogy of the Habsburgs from Genealogy.eu
- An Online Gotha - House of Habsburg-Lothringen
|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-
of
1867.
Habsburg (commonly anglicised to "
Hapsburg") and the successor family,
Habsburg-Lorraine, were important Royal House of Europe and are best known as the ruling Houses of Austria (and the Austrian Empire) for over six centuries.
Their principal roles were as:
- German Kings (several centuries to 1806), mostly also as
- Holy Roman Empire, and
- Rulers of Austria (as Dukes 1282–1453, Archdukes 1453–1804, and Emperors 1804–1918),
- Kings of Bohemia (1306, 1437–1457 1526–1918),
- Kings of Hungary (1437–1439, 1445–1457, 1526–1918),
- Kings of Croatia (1437–1439, 1445–1457, 1527–1918),
- Kings of Habsburg Spain (1516–1700),
- Kings of Portugal (1580–1640),
- Kings of Galicia (Central Europe) and Lodomeria (1772–1918), and
- Grand Princes of Transylvania (1690–1918).
- Grand Dukes of Tuscany (1737–1801; 1814–1860).
- Archdukes of Austria-Este {1771}.
Other crowns held briefly by the House included:
Numerous other titles were attached to the crowns listed above.
A brief history of the House of Habsburg
From Counts of Habsburg to Roman Emperors
The name is derived from the
Swiss German Habichtsburg (Hawk Castle), the
family seat in the
11th century,
12th century and
13th century at Habsburg in the former duchy of Swabia in present-day
Switzerland (Switzerland did not exist then in its present form, and the Swiss lands were part of the mainly Germanic Holy Roman Empire). From southwestern Germany (mainly Alsace, Breisgau,
Aargau and
Thurgau) the family extended its influence and holdings to the southeastern reaches of the
Holy Roman Empire, roughly today's
Austria (1278–
1382). Within only two or three generations, the Habsburgs had managed to secure an initially intermittent grasp on the imperial throne that would last for centuries (1273–1291, 1298–
1308, 1438–1740, and
1745–1806).
By marrying Mary of Burgundy, heiress of Burgundy,
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor acquired control of the low countries. His son Philip I of Castile married Joanna of Castile, heiress of Spain, so that Philip's son
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor inherited Spain, Southern
Italy, Austria and the Low Countries. In 1580 Charles' son
Philip II of Spain inherited
Portugal and its colonies.
Under
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, the Habsburgs first acquired the land upon which would later be erected the
Schönbrunn Palace, the Habsburgs' summer palace in
Vienna and one of the most enduring symbols of the dynasty.
Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs
(1547) as depicted in
The Cambridge Modern History Atlas (1912); Habsburg lands are shaded green. Not shaded are the lands of the Holy Roman Empire over which the Habsburgs presided, nor are the vast Castilian holdings outside of Europe, and particularly in the New World, shown.
After the
April 21,
1521 assignment of the Austrian lands to Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor from his brother Emperor
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (also King Charles I of Spain) (
1516–
1556), the dynasty split into one Habsburg Monarchy and one
Habsburg Spain. The Austrian Habsburgs held (after 1556) the title of Holy Roman Emperor, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, while the Spanish Habsburgs ruled over the Spanish kingdoms, the Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian possessions, and, for a time, Portugal. Kingdom of Hungary, nominally under Habsburg kingship from
1526 but mostly under
Ottoman Empire Turkish occupation for 150 years, was reconquered in 1683–
1699.
The Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700 (prompting the War of the Spanish Succession), as did the Austrian Habsburgs in 1740 (prompting the War of the Austrian Succession). However, the heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg (Maria Theresa of Austria) had married
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor,
Duke of Lorraine, (both of them were great-grandchildren of Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, but from different empresses) and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine. (It is often speculated that extensive intra-family marriages within both lines contributed to their extinctions, but there were few such marriages in the Austrian line. Smallpox killing young heirs was a greater cause.)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: the Austrian Empire
On August 6 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved under the French Emperor
Napoleon I's reorganisation of
Germany. However, in anticipation of the loss of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II declared himself hereditary
Emperor of Austria (as Francis I, thereof) on
August 11,
1804, three months after Napoleon had declared himself Emperor of the French on May 18, 1804.
Emperor
Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire of Austria used the official great title: "We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria;
Kings of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia,
Slavonia, Galicia (Central Europe), and Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine (province),
Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia,
Styria (duchy),
Carinthia (duchy), and
Carniola; Grand Duke of Grand Duchy of Cracow; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of
Sandomir,
Masovia,
Lublin, Upper and Lower
Silesia,
Oswiecim and Zator,
Cieszyn, and
Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg,
Gorizia, and
Gradisca d'Isonzo and of the
Tyrol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and
Istria".
In
1867 effective autonomy was given to Hungary under the terms of the
Ausgleich or "compromise" (
see Austria-Hungary). Under this arrangement, the Hungarians referred to their ruler as king and never emperor. This prevailed until the Habsburgs' deposition from both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I.
On
November 11 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habsburg ruler, Charles I of Austria (who also reigned as Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role in state affairs. Two days later, he issued a separate proclamation for Hungary. Even though he did not officially abdication, this is considered the end of the Habsburg dynasty. In
1919, the new republican Austrian government subsequently passed a law banishing the Habsburgs from Austrian territory until they renounced all intentions of regaining the throne and accepted the status of private citizens. Charles made several attempts to regain the throne of Hungary, and in
1921 the Hungarian government passed a law which revoked Charles' rights and dethroned the Habsburgs.
The Habsburgs did not formally abandon any hope of returning power until
Otto von Habsburg, Emperor Charles' eldest son, renounced all claims to the throne. He is still the head of the house of Habsburg today.
The dynasty's motto is "Let others wage wars, but you, happy Austria, shall marry", which indicates the talent of the Habsburgs to have their progeny intermarry into other royal houses, as to make alliances. Empress Maria Theresa is recognised quite notably for it and is sometimes referred as the 'Great-Grandmother of Europe'.
Main line
Before Rudolph I of Germany rose to
Holy Roman Emperor, the Habsburgs were
Counts in what is today southwestern
Germany and
Switzerland.
Ancestors
Counts of Habsburg
- Radbot, Count of Habsburg of Klettgau, built the Habsburg castle (ca. 985–1035). Besides Werner I, he had two other sons: Otto I, Count of Habsburg, who would become Count of Sundgau in the Alsace, and Albert I, Count of Habsburg.
- Werner I, Count of Habsburg, Count of Habsburg (1025 / 1030–1096). Besides Otto II, there was another son, Albert II, Count of Habsburg, who was reeve of Muri from 1111–1141 after the death of Otto II.
- Otto II, Count of Habsburg of Habsburg; first to name himself as "of Habsburg" (d. 1111) Father of:
- Werner II, Count of Habsburg of Habsburg (around 1135; d. 1167) Father of:
- Albert III, Count of Habsburg of Habsburg (the Rich), d. 1199. Under him, the Habsburg territories expanded to cover most of what is today the German language part of Switzerland. Father of:
- Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg of Habsburg (d. 1232) Father of:
- Albert IV, Count of Habsburg of Habsburg, (d. 1239 / 1240); father of Rudolph IV of Habsburg, who would later become king Rudolph I of Germany. Between Albrecht IV and his brother Rudolph III, Count of Habsburg, the Habsburg properties were split, with Albrecht keeping the Aargau and the western parts, the eastern parts going to Rudolph III.
German kings
Dukes of Austria
In the late Middle Ages, when the Habsburgs expanded their territories in the east, they often ruled as dukes of the Duchy of Austria which covered only what is today
Lower Austria and the eastern part of
Upper Austria. The Habsburg possessions also included Duchy of Styria, and then expanded west to include
Duchy of Carinthia and Carniola in 1335 and
Tyrol in 1363. Their original scattered possessions in the southern
Alsace, south-western Germany and Vorarlberg were collectively known as
Further Austria. The Habsburg dukes gradually lost their homelands south of the Rhine and
Lake Constance to the expanding
Old Swiss Confederacy. Unless mentioned explicitly, the dukes of Austria also ruled over Further Austria until 1379, after that year, Further Austria was ruled by the Princely Count of Tyrol. Names in
italics designate dukes who never actually ruled.
- Rudolph II of Austria, son of Rudolph I of Germany, duke of Austria and Styria together with his brother 1282–1283, was dispossessed by his brother, who eventually would be murdered by one of Rudolph's sons.
- Albert I of Austria (Albrecht I), son of Rudolph I of Germany and brother of the above, duke from 1282–1308; was Holy Roman Emperor from 1298–1308. See also #House of Habsburg.
- Rudolph III of Austria, oldest son of Lenihan I, designated duke of Austria and Styria 1298–1307
- Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg) (Friedrich der Schöne), brother of Rudolph III. Duke of Austria and Styria (with his brother Leopold I) from 1308–1330; officially co-regent of emperor Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor since 1325, but never ruled.
- Leopold I of Austria (Habsburg), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria from 1308–1326.
- Albert II of Austria (Albrecht II), brother of the above, duke of Vorderösterreich from 1326–1358, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1358, duke of Carinthia after 1335.
- Otto of Austria (der Fröhliche), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1339 (together with his brother), duke of Carinthia after 1335.
- Rudolph IV of Austria (der Stifter), oldest son of Albert II. Duke of Austria and Styria 1358–1365, Duke of Tyrol after 1363.
After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers Albert III of Austria and Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg) ruled the Habsburg possessions together from 1365 until
1379, when they split the territories in the
Treaty of Neuberg, Albert keeping the
Duchy of Austria and Leopold ruling over Duchy of Styria, Duchy of Carinthia, Carniola, the Windish March,
Tyrol, and Further Austria.
Albertine line: Dukes of Austria
Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol
- Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg), duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Further Austria until 1386, when he was killed in the Battle of Sempach.
- William of Austria (Wilhelm), son of the above, 1386–1406 duke in Inner Austria (Carinthia, Styria)
- Leopold IV of Austria (Habsburg), son of Leopold III, 1391 regent of Further Austria, 1395–1402 duke of Tyrol, after 1404 also duke of Austria, 1406–1411 duke of Inner Austria
Leopoldine-Inner Austrian sub-line
*
Ernest of Austria (Habsburg) (
der Eiserne), 1406–1424 duke of Inner Austria, until
1411 together and competing with his brother Leopold IV.
* Frederick V of Austria (
Friedrich), son of Ernst, became
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor in
1440. He was duke of Inner Austria from
1424 on. Guardian of Sigismund of Austria 1439–1446 and of
Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary 1440–1452. See also #House of Habsburg.
*
Albert VI of Austria (
Albrecht VI), brother of the above, 1446–1463 regent of Further Austria, duke of Austria 1458–
1463
*
Ernestine line of Rulers of Saxonys, ancestor of George I of Great Britain-descended from sister of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Leopoldine-Tyrol sub-line
* Frederick IV of Austria (
Friedrich), brother of Ernst,
1402–
1439 duke of Tyrol and Further Austria
*
Sigismund of Austria, also spelled
Siegmund or
Sigmund,
1439–1446 under the tutelage of the Frederick V above, then duke of Tyrol, and after the death of Albrecht VI in 1463 also duke of Further Austria.
Reuniting of Habsburg possessions
Sigismund had no children and adopted
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, son of duke Frederick V (emperor Frederick III). Under Maximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered the
Duchy of Austria after the death of
Matthias Corvinus, who resided in
Vienna and styled himself duke of Austria from
1485–
1490.
German Kings and Holy Roman Emperors previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
Kings of Hungary previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
Main Line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
Habsburg Spain: Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (1580–
1640)
See also: Portuguese House of Habsburg
- Philip I of Castile, second son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, founded the Spanish Habsburgs in 1496 by marrying Joanna of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Philip died in 1506, leaving the thrones of Castile and Aragon to be inherited and united into the nation of Spain by his son:
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1516–1556, aka Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; converdivided the House into Austrian and Spanish lines
- Philip II of Spain 1556–1598, also Philip II of Spain of Portugal 1580–1598 and Philip I of England and his wife Mary I of England 1554–1558
- Philip III of Spain, also Philip III of Spain of Portugal 1598–1621
- Philip IV of Spain 1621–1665, also Philip IV of Spain of Portugal 1621–1640
- Charles II of Spain 1665–1700
The
War of the Spanish Succession took place after the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line, to determine the inheritance of Charles II.
Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
- Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1556–1564 (Imperial Crypt#The Founders.27 Family)
- Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1564–1576
- Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1576–1612
- Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1612–1619
- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1619–1637
- Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1637–1657 (Imperial Crypt#Emperor Ferdinand III.27s Family)
- Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1658–1705
- Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1705–1711
- Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, emperor 1711–1740
Maria Theresa of Austria, Habsburg heiress and wife of emperor
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of
Kingdom of Hungary and Bohemia 1740–1780.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
Queen
Maria Christina of Austria of Spain, great-granddaughter of
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor above. Wife of
Alfonso XII of Spain and mother of Alfonso XIII.
The House of Habsburg-Lorraine retained Austria and attached possessions after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; see below.
A son of Leopold II was
Archduke Rainer of Austria whose wife was from the
House of Savoy; a daughter
Maria Adelaide of Austria was the wife of King
Victor Emmanuel II of
Piedmont, Savoy, and
Sardinia and
King of Italy. Their Children married into the Royal Houses of
Bonaparte; House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha {Braganza {Portugal}; House of Savoy {Spain}; and the Dukedoms ofMontferrat and Chablis.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Grand dukes of Tuscany
Francis Stephen assigned the grand duchy of Tuscany to his second son Peter Leopold, who in turn assigned it to his second son upon his accession as Holy Roman Emperor. Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until
Italian unification.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Tuscany line, post monarchy
see
Line of succession to the Tuscan Throne
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Dukes of Modena
The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the
Congress of Vienna. It was lost to
Italian unification.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Modena line, post monarchy
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Duchess of Parma
The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to
Italian unification. It was granted to the second wife of Napoleon I of France, Maria Luisa Duchess of Parma, a daughter of the
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was the mother of
Napoleon II of France. Napoleon had divorced his wife Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie (better known to history as
Josephine de Beauharnais) in her favour.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Emperor of Mexico
Maximilian, an adventurous younger son, was invited as part of
Napoleon III's manipulations to take the throne of Mexico. The conservative Mexicans, as well as the clergy, supported this Second Mexican Empire. His consort Charlotte of Belgium, born a Belgian princess of the
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, encouraged her husbands acceptance of the Mexican crown and accompanied him to Mexico. The adventure did not end well. Maximilian was shot in "Cerro de las Campanas" in
1867 by the democratic forces of
Benito Juarez
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Emperors of Austria
- Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of Austria 1804–1835: formerly Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (→Imperial Crypt#ZegelChartFranz57)
- Ferdinand I of Austria, Emperor of Austria 1835–1848
- Francis Joseph of Austria, Emperor of Austria 1848–1916.
- Charles I of Austria, Emperor of Austria 1916–1918. He died in exile in 1922. His wife was of the Bourbon-Parma.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg (post-monarchy)
Charles I was expelled from his domains after World War I and the empire was abolished.
see Line of succession to the Austria-Hungary Throne
Burials
See
Imperial Crypt in Vienna.
Habsburgs as Kings of Hungary
The kingship of Kingdom of Hungary remained in the Habsburg family for centuries; but as the kingship was not strictly inherited (Hungary was an elective monarchy till 1687) and was sometimes used as a training ground for young Habsburgs, the dates of rule do not always match those of the primary Habsburg possessions. Therefore, the kings of Hungary are listed separately.
Albertine line: Kings of Hungary
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary
- Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1526–1564
- Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1563–1576
- Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1572–1608
- Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1608–1619
- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1618–1637
- Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1625–1657
- Ferdinand IV of Germany, king of Hungary 1647–1654
- Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1655–1705
- Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1687–1711
- Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1711–1740
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Hungary
- Maria Theresa of Austria, queen of Hungary 1741–1780
- Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1780–1790
- Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1790–1792
- Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Hungary 1792–1835
- Ferdinand I of Austria, king of Hungary 1835–1848
- Francis Joseph of Austria, king of Hungary 1867–1916
- Karl of Austria, king of Hungary 1916–1918
Habsburgs as Kings of Bohemia
The kingship of
Bohemia was for centuries a position elected by its nobles. As a result, it was not an automatically inherited position. The king of Bohemia tended to be a Habsburg, but was not always. Hence, the kings of Bohemia and their ruling dates are listed separately.
Main line: Kings of Bohemia
- Rudolph I of Bohemia, king of Bohemia 1306-1307
Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia
- Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1526–1564
- Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1563–1576
- Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1572–1611
- Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1611–1618
- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1621–1637
- Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1625–1657
- Ferdinand IV of Germany, king of Bohemia 1647–1654
- Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1655–1705
- Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1687–1711
- Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1711–1740
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Bohemia
From the accession of Maria Theresa, the kingship of Bohemia became united with the Austrian possessions.
- Maria Theresa of Austria, queen of Bohemia 1743–1780
- Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1780–1790
- Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1790–1792
- Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, king of Bohemia 1792–1835
- Ferdinand I of Austria, king of Bohemia 1835–1848
- Francis Joseph of Austria, king of Bohemia 1848–1916
- Karl of Austria, king of Bohemia 1916–1918
Habsburgs as Queens Consort of France
From the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, the greatest non-Habsburg power in Europe was usually
France. As a result, in usually futile attempts to either unite Europe under the Habsburg family or to prevent French enmity, Habsburg daughters were wed to successive kings of France.
Pre-division Habsburgs
Austrian Habsburgs
Spanish Habsburgs
- Anne of Austria, infanta of Spain, (1601–1666), wife of King Louis XIII of France
- Maria Theresa of Spain (1638–1683), wife of King Louis XIV of France
Habsburg-Lorraine
See also
Further reading
- Brewer-Ward, Daniel A. The House of Habsburg: A Genealogy of the Descendants of Empress Maria Theresia. Clearfield, 1996.
- Evans, Robert J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550-1700: An Interpretation. Clarendon Press, 1979.
- McGuigan, Dorothy Gies. The Habsburgs. Doubleday, 1966.
- Wandruszka, Adam. The House of Habsburg: Six Hundred Years of a European Dynasty. Doubleday, 1964 (Greenwood Press, 1975).
- Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. Sphere Books Limited, London, 1970. (first published by Longmans in 1963)
External links
- "Erzherzog Dr. Otto von Habsburg" (Autorisierte Ehrenseite) in German
- Habsburg Biographies
- Habsburg Resource Centre on SurnameWeb
- http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/Rulers/hapsburg3.html
- Genealogical tree of the house of Habsburg (up until Maria Theresia)
- An Online Gotha - House of Habsburg-Lothringen (Maria Theresia's decendants}
- The Hapsburg Monarchy (Wickham Steed, 1913)) eLibrary Austria Project full text (ebook)
- Genealogy of the Habsburgs from Genealogy.eu
- An Online Gotha - House of Habsburg-Lothringen
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